Encapsulated All-Trans Retinol

• Has been demonstrated to decrease wrinkles by 58% in the cheeks and 28% in the eyes after 4 weeks of use.
• Has been shown to increase collagen synthesis leading to more elastic and healthier skin structure.
• Has been demonstrated to mitigate photoaging through inducing enhancing the expression of CRABP II and CRBP mRNAs and proteins (mechanisms in the skin that help to bring retinol molecules into cells).
• Has been shown — compared to other forms of retinol (e.g. retinoic acid) — to cause considerably less transepidermal water loss, erythema and scaling.
• Has been demonstrated to increase keratinocyte (skin cell) proliferation and epidermal thickness thus increasing the speed to skin rejuvenation and repair.
• Has been shown to promote significant up-regulation of COL1A1 and COL3A1 gene expression correlating with an increase in collagen synthesis (specifically procollagen I and procollagen III proteins).

Sources

• Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, March 2016, Issue 1, pages 49-57. Clinical Interventions in Aging. December 2006, Issue 1: 327–348.
• Journal Investigational Dermatology, October 1995 Oct, 105, 549-556.
• Journal of Dermatology, 1999 Volume 199, Supplement 1: 57-60.
• Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 2009; Volume 22:200–209.
• Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, March 2016, Issue 1: 49-57.